Typically, subprime loans are for persons with blemished or limited credit histories. The loans carry a higher rate of interest than prime loans to compensate for increased credit risk.
Many have questioned why minorities appear to be over-represented in the subprime lending market. Studies reveal that even in upper-income African-American neighborhoods one is one-and-a-half times as likely to have a subprime loan than persons in low-income white neighborhoods. In neighborhoods where Hispanics comprise at least 80 percent of the population, they were 1.5 times as likely than the nation as a whole to have a subprime mortgage loan.
Some allege this disparity to be attributed to subprime lenders purposefully marketing to African-American communities-what some have called reverse redlining. They allege lenders will provide loans to these communities, but at a higher cost and with less favorable conditions.
Some facts about subprime lenders:
- Home refinance loans account for higher shares of subprime lenders' total origination than prime lenders' originations
- Subprime lenders originate a larger percentage of their total originations in predominately black census tracts than prime lenders
- Subprime lenders are more likely to have terms like "consumer," "finance," and "acceptance" in their lender names
Proponents of subprime lending
Individuals who have experienced severe financial troubles are often labelled as higher risk and therefore cannot obtain conventional financing. These individuals may have had job loss, previous debt or marital problems, or unexpected medical issues. Often, these events were unforeseen and cause a major setback in finances. As a result, late payments, charge-offs, repossessions and even foreclosures may result.
Due to these previous credit problems, these individuals may be precluded from obtaining any type of loan for an automobile. To meet this demand, lenders have seen that a tiered pricing arrangement, one which allows these individuals to pay a higher interest rate, may allow loans which otherwise may not occur.
From a servicing standpoint, these loans have higher collection defaults and experience higher repossessions and charge offs. Lenders use the higher interest rate to offset these anticipated higher costs.
Provided a consumer will enter into this arrangement with the understanding that they are higher risk, and must make diligent efforts to pay, these loans do indeed serve those who would otherwise be underserved. The consumer must purchase an automobile which is well within their means, and carries a payment well within their budget.
Criticisms of subprime lending
Capital markets operate on the basic premise of risk versus reward. Investors taking a risk on stocks expect a higher rate of return than do investors in risk-free Treasury Bills, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. The same goes for loans. Less creditworthy subprime borrowers represent a riskier investment, so lenders will charge them a higher interest rate than they would charge a prime borrower for the same loan.
To avoid the initial hit of higher mortgage payments, most subprime borrowers take out Adjustable-rate mortgages that give them a very low initial interest rate of around 4%. But with annual adjustments of 2% or more per year, these loans typically end up charging around 10%. So a $500,000 loan at a 4% interest rate for 30 years equates to a payment of about $2,400 a month. But the same loan at 10% for 27 years (after the adjustable period ends) equates to a payment of $4,470. A 6-percentage-point increase in the rate caused slightly more than an 85% increase in the payment.
